Hablamos de inteligencia colectiva en relación a la colaboración en un asunto específico, en las organizaciones empresariales (p.ej., la elaboración de una estrategia de marketing); para ello, se requiere contar con stocks de capital social y herramientas para alcanzar consensos. En este caso, el recurso asociado al capital social es conocimiento; y, por eso, el modelo de Nahapiet y Ghoshal (1998), presenta al capital social (en sus tres dimensiones: estructural, relacional y cognitiva), como el componente fundamental en la creación de capital intelectual en la empresa.
En otras palabras, el capital intelectual de una empresa, cuando está basado en capital social, facilita el trabajo colaborativo, al punto de constituirse en inteligencia colectiva. De otra parte, la dimensión estructural del capital social, comprende: enlaces en la red, configuración de la red y organización; mientras que la dimensión relacional, incluye: confianza, normas, obligaciones e identificación. Finalmente, el modelo del capital intelectual (Nahapiet y Ghoshal, 1998), en su dimensión cognitiva, integra: lenguaje, códigos y narrativas, que los actores sociales comparten.
Existen factores que afectan el desarrollo del capital social, por estar estrechamente ligados a las relaciones sociales, entre los que predominan: tiempo, interdependencia, interacción y la alta densidad relacional en grupos. Según los creadores del modelo del capital intelectual, tanto en las redes internas de las empresas, como en las redes inter-organizacionales, estos factores ejercen gran influencia. En primer lugar, la continuidad en el tiempo, consolida las relaciones sociales; y, como es sabido, las transacciones sociales se sustentan en relaciones duraderas. El segundo factor, interdependencia, determina que el sistema en su conjunto se beneficie por encima de los intereses individuales de los miembros de la organización, incentivándose así la cooperación y creando un ambiente propicio para la toma de decisiones que conlleven riesgos.
El capital social aumenta con su uso, a diferencia de otras formas de capital; y, las relaciones sociales requieren de interacción para su fortalecimiento, además de exigir de mantenimiento, mínimo, a fin de evitar su desaparición. En este sentido, existe evidencia científica sobre cómo las dimensiones cognitiva y relacional del capital social aumentan cuando la estructura de la red está caracterizada por enlaces fuertes, multidimensionales y recíprocos. De manera similar, en grupos de alta densidad relacional se facilita el desarrollo de normas, identidad y confianza.
Con la Tecnología Social Adaptativa e Inteligente (SAI), creamos capital social y construimos consensos. Los acuerdos alcanzados a través del consensuado sistémico (Paulus et al., 2009), conjuntamente con las distintas formas de interacción social consideradas por la plataforma o sistema informático (Contacto, Opinión, Votación, Encuesta, Proyecto y Evento), nos permiten utilizar la inteligencia colectiva en las organizaciones empresariales, al reunir capital intelectual, con las herramientas para su uso. En cuanto a una de las formas de interacción social que contempla la Tecnología Social SAI, los usuarios pueden enviar solicitudes de información u opiniones al resto de los miembros de la red, si cuentan con la debida autorización, de acuerdo con su perfil. Algunas de estas opiniones son solicitadas por el Administrador SAI (por ejemplo, satisfacción del usuario y temas de discusión) y otras se emiten a discreción de cada usuario.
Referencias:
Nahapiet, J. and Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage.
Paulus, G. et al. (2009). Systemisches Konsensierin.
Para descargar la versión más actualizada del libro completo (incluyendo todas las columnas publicadas a la fecha), haz clic en el siguiente enlace: Capital Social, José María Rodríguez, Ph.D.
931 comentarios en «Inteligencia colectiva basada en la creación de capital social»
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