La sostenibilidad (ambiental, económica, social y humanitaria) del sistema empresarial depende de un liderazgo responsable, capaz de incluir a todos los “stakeholders” y construir capital social, según lo plantea el Dr. Thomas Maak (2007), ante los retos de una sociedad interconectada y multicultural, a escala global. Un planteamiento que puede resumirse en que las organizaciones empresariales deben crear valor para todos, sin exclusiones y tomando en cuenta a las futuras generaciones. ¿Es esto posible? La respuesta está contenida en el modelo de liderazgo en red, cuyos principales proponentes son los prestigiosos profesores Balkundi y Kilduff (2006) y que hace énfasis en el liderazgo efectivo, basado en estructuras cognitivas y de redes sociales.
El liderazgo efectivo comprende el análisis de tres tipos de redes interdependientes: los enlaces directos del líder, el patrón de enlaces directos e indirectos en los cuales el líder está inmerso y las conexiones entre organizaciones. Son redes en niveles distintos, dentro y fuera (entorno) de una empresa. Con la ayuda de conceptos centrales en el estudio de redes (importancia de las relaciones, imbricación de los actores sociales, utilidad social de las conexiones y estructuración de la vida social), el modelo (Balkundi y Kilduff, 2006) permite plantear, racionalmente, a través de un liderazgo responsable, la creación de capital social y la sostenibilidad de la empresa.
Esas redes, personales o egocéntricas, creadas en torno al líder, así como también las otras que determinan la efectividad de su liderazgo (redes organizacionales e inter-organizacionales), en el marco teórico propuesto, resultan de la cognición del mismo líder. Se trata, entonces, de la existencia de redes que son producto de la percepción del líder, las cuales pueden coincidir o no con la realidad. En un proceso de acercamiento y alejamiento de la imagen (red), el primer paso es el estudio de redes egocéntricas, para entender el entorno inmediato del líder. Luego, se va alejando la imagen, para considerar redes a lo interno de la empresa (red organizacional). Finalmente, el interés se concentra en el ecosistema empresarial (red inter-organizacional).
La creación de redes cognitivas requiere de inteligencia social, entendida esta como la correcta percepción de las relaciones interpersonales, dentro y fuera de la organización. En este sentido, el líder necesita monitorear las llamadas redes secundarias, más allá de su entorno inmediato, incluyendo las interrelaciones entre los individuos que las integran, para poder aprovechar las oportunidades que ofrece la estructura social. En última instancia, el liderazgo en redes se mide por la calidad del capital social construido y los niveles de consenso alcanzados; y, recordemos que en toda organización, los liderazgos informales son tan o más importantes que los formales.
Una característica fundamental de un líder responsable (Maak, 2007), es la de actuar como un tejedor de redes, contentivas de capital social de alta calidad (diversidad de recursos sociales); por lo cual debe contribuir de manera significativa en la creación de la red de stakeholders de su empresa; sin embargo, para cumplir su propósito, el líder responsable (tejedor), requiere de una tecnología apropiada. Por eso, hacemos la analogía entre un telar y la Tecnología Social SAI, con la cual se crea capital social. De manera similar, así como hay muchos tipos de telares (madera y metal), que requieren de habilidad para su uso, igual ocurre con toda tecnología.
Referencias:
Balkundi, P. y Kilduff, M. (2006). The ties that lead: A social network approach to leadership.
Maak, T. (2007). Responsible leadership, stakeholder engagement, and the emergence of social capital.
Para descargar la versión más actualizada del libro completo (incluyendo todas las columnas publicadas a la fecha), haz clic en el siguiente enlace: Capital Social, José María Rodríguez, Ph.D.
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